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Health & Fitness

Part 4.

PROPERTIES OF WATER

“Approximately 505,000 cubic kilometers of water falls as precipitation each year; 398,000 cubic kilometers of it over the oceans. Globally averaged annual precipitation is 990 millimeters.”
It will be interesting to calculate that over oceans we have 398,000/505,000=0.788 or 78.8% of all precipitation, despite that ocean area is only 71% of all area of the Earth

Density of water: 1000 kg/m³, liquid (4ºC); 917 kg/m³, solid.
Melting point: 0ºC,
Molecular formula: H2O
Molar mass: 18.01528 g/mol
Boiling point: 99.98ºC
Latent heat of melting: 80Kcal/kg
Latent heat of evaporation: 539Kcal/kg
Specific heat, water: 1Kcal/kg ºC
Specific heat, ice: 0.5Kcal/kg ºC
Specific heat water vapor: 0.48Kcal/kg ºC.

            PROPERTIES OF AIR
One atmosphere (9100 kPa or 14.7 psi) is the amount of pressure
that can lift water approximately 10.3 m.
A kilogram-force (kgf) is a gravitational metric unit of force. It is
equal to the magnitude of the force exerted by one kilogram of
mass in a 9.80665 m/s² gravitational field.
Weight of volume of water 10.3 m high with area of 1cm²:
1030 cm X 1cm² X 1 gf/cm³ = 1030 gf = 1.03 kgf.
One atmosphere = 1.03 kgf/cm²
Air density = 1.225 kg/m³
Specific heat = 0.24Kcal/kg ºC =1.005kJ/kg ºC

Globally averaged annual precipitation is 990 millimeters or 0.99 m.
If density of water is 1000 kg/m³, it is easy to calculate that on every square meter of the Earth’s surface we have in average 990 kg of precipitation.
We need energy to evaporate water. This energy cools the air close to the source of evaporation—surface of lakes, rivers, seas, oceans, wet land, grass, leaves of bushes, and trees.
What will happen with water vapor?
Because it’s lighter than most gases in the air, it will make the closest parcel of air lighter and because of that, this parcel will go up. Heat from the sun also heats the land (water), which heats air. It creates convection forces, which are moving air up and it looks like water vapor helps convection forces to move the parcel of air up.
If you will look at smoke from a chimney in not windy condition, it is easy to see that the rising tail of smoke becomes almost horizontal very quickly. It is happening despite the temperature in an oven ~1000ºC. The parcel of air with smoke, which makes the parcel
visible, is cooled with height. If temperature of this parcel will be cooled the same as temperature of surrounding air, it will be not any forces to move this parcel up. In this case we could say, that convection forces stop to work with height.
Why, in this case, can we see water vapor, which became visible as water droplets, in clouds?
It is again one of the properties of water, condensation, which helps to keep the parcel of air going up. Condensation releases the same amount of energy as needed to evaporate water. This energy heats the parcel of air and keeps it moving up. Of course, we can’t say that in reality we have the real parcel of air like in a balloon. In reality, it is always a dynamic process when part of the air is moving by wind and tears the real first parcel, which we start to analyze. The same wind evaporates part of the new water droplets, cools the air, and brings part of this new parcel down. Anyway, because of these realities, we have a dynamic movement of air up to cloud level. Even the tops of clouds are continuing to evaporate and bring water vapor to a higher level.
In “blue” sky, when we can’t see clouds, it is important to understand that in air from the oceans, and land level, until the upper troposphere and higher, we always have water vapor and water droplets. These water droplets are constantly changing and stick to each other by cohesion and are divided, partially or completely, and evaporated by the energy of wind or radiation. Cloud formations are the result of evaporation from oceans (land) level, as evaporation and condensation of water vapor from all levels of the atmosphere where we have water vapor.
The sun heats the ground, energy from the ground heats the air, and the hotter the air the lighter it is and because it is lighter it going up (convection). Water vapor and droplets are parts of any parcel of air, which could hold less or more molecules and drops of water – together with energy released by condensation, which heat surrounding air are the biggest moving forces in mixing air all around the atmosphere.

Area of USA: At 3.79 million square miles (9.83 million km²). 9,830,000 km²=9,830,000,000,000 m²=98,300,000,000,000,000 cm².
Normal pressure is ~1 kg/cm². This means that every square centimeter of air weighs around 1 kg.
The air above the USA area weighs around 98,300,000,000,000,000 kg. (It is also moving UP to clouds level by properties of water every second from every cm² of the surface area.)
In every kg of air during the summer time, with humidity around 50 %, there is around 12.5 g of water in the form of water vapor.
If we increase the amount of water in every kg of air with 5 g (0.005 kg), there will be an additional 491,500,000,000,000 kg of water vapor.
Imagine how this additional water vapor will influence the climate in North America.
North America is only one continent between the Pacific and Atlantic oceans. Climate in North America will influence the climate of the earth from Japan to France. That is more than half of the Northern Hemisphere.

Let’s look at the properties of water which could cool the atmosphere:
We need 539Kcal to evaporate 1 kg of water. It is cool air close to the surface of evaporation—oceans, seas, rivers, lakes, leaves of trees, bushes, grass, etc.
Water vapor is lighter than most gases in the air and helps convection forces bring ALL GASES UP together with their energy.
The cooling of air with height stops convection forces around 500 m from sea level. We could see it in smoke from chimneys of power plants. In the green section of every magazine you could easily find pictures of this. Despite the temperature in an oven more than 1000ºC, very soon we could see that vertical movement of smoke become almost horizontal.
Only partial condensation of water vapor releases energy to heat the parcels of surrounding air, including GHG. It is this property of water that recreates convection and helps bring all gases on the next level UP from land or oceans.
Droplets of water in rain, as cleaner water, takes almost all particles of black carbon and other aerosols from the atmosphere and brings them to land and oceans. This process decreases the heating of the atmosphere by trapping direct sun radiation in black carbon.
Only new snow is covered in soot from the old snow on the land and ice in oceans. This process increases the reflection of direct sun radiation back to space, and only properties of water could provide it.
Droplets of water partially solve all gases, including GHG, and bring them down as nutrition. It is mostly the properties of water that clean the atmosphere from GHG and reduce them.
99% of water vapor condensed in the upper troposphere. If we remember that these properties of water release energy in the process and its energy close to space, we will understand that it helps cool the atmosphere.
Band of IR radiation for H2 O and CO2 is different. That means that if CO2 is present after the upper troposphere, most of IR radiation from water vapor going to space does not trap in CO2 molecules.

PROPERTIES OF WATER ARE THE BEST COOLER OF THE ATMOSPHERE!

“A sea-breeze (or onshore breeze) is a wind from the sea that develops over land near coasts. It is formed by increasing temperature differences between the land and water which create a pressure minimum over the land due to its relative warmth and forces higher pressure, cooler air from the sea to move inland. Generally, air temperature gets cooler relative to nearby locations as one moves closer to a large body of water.”
It is so simple: “Generally, air temperature gets cooler relative to nearby locations as one moves closer to a large body of water.”
In the case of oceans, scientists of climate change could make speculations that deep water has the inertia of heating huge masses of water, and because of that, it is cooler. In nature, we have a lot of small lakes with water that is no deeper than one or
two meters.
Close to these small lakes, it is also cooler. Why is that? Oh, it is my biggest achievement in today’s science. Nobody knew it, only me:
It is..., it is..., of course, it is EVAPORATION! EVAPORATION COOLS THE AIR! WHY HAS NO ONE MENTIONED IT?
I hope you understand my sarcasm, but billions of people are fooled by today’s science of climate change and for some reason forget that they prefer to spend their vacations “closer to a large body of waterand ” and that make them happier.
“ A sea-breeze (or onshore breeze) is a wind from the sea that develops
over land near coasts.”
If a sea-breeze develops over land near coast let’s look at the North American continent between the Atlantic, Pacific, and Arctic oceans. It’s shaped like a triangle with one angle located close to the Equator and the opposite side close to the Arctic Ocean. In the summertime, winds shows movement of air from the Atlantic and Pacific to the continental area. As a result of the cold Pacific, warm Atlantic (Gulf Stream), and the hot continent, most winds are from San Diego to Montreal by direction.
These winds transport energy from the Equator to the North Pole.
If we increase the evaporation of water on this continent, the power of the ocean-breeze from the Pacific to the Atlantic will reduce. It will not only reduce the transportation of energy from the Equator to the North Pole (reason for global warming (cooling)), it will also reduce the power of hurricanes.
It will turn moisture from the Atlantic to Africa. It’s mean from Atlantic ocean to Sahel in Nigeria and Algeria.
If population in Sahel, in Zimbabwe, Kenya will help nature by growing additional trees, there will be enough humidity to recreate rains in these dry areas. It is logic of scientists like Gianniny and Reij, Pokorny and many others. Their logic must prevail in today science, despite they represent maybe less than 0.01% of scientists.
North America is a special continent on the Earth. It is possible to change climate tendency in the world by changing the evaporation on this continent.
The“biggest irony” of our times is to blame water for global warming, despite the fact that its properties are cooling, not heating, the air and the evaporation of it could be used for our prosperity. We destroyed oceans of roots, which created by nature.
It helps before Industrial Revolution to keep higher levels of evaporation on continents. This evaporation helps till 1850 prevent the global warming of today’s level. We must restore evaporation on continents to at least the level it was before the Industrial Revolution. It is not a difficult task. We could evaporate even more water to achieve our goals. Brazil Rainforest receives close to 3 meters of rain every year. It is three times more than average amount of rain in oceans. Leaves of trees provide more evaporation from unit of area, than oceans.
We could also say that it is a very profitable direction to change the climate on the Earth. We could make changes during a few years and create jobs in North American countries despite globalization. It is not only the cheapest, but it also the most profitable way to fight climate change in the world. If we put our efforts into the right directions, we could do more than nature did before the Industrial Revolution. To increase evaporation on
North American continents, we could restore the oceans of roots on a continental level. Also, we could pump water from flood areas to drought areas. Energy, which right now we spend after disasters to restore houses and other properties, which we use to live, is better to use to prevent disasters of any forms. In most cases, the evaporation of water is the best tool for prevention any kind of weather disasters.
North America is the best continent to start.
If in USA and Canada we have more than 100,000,000 acres of dead forests affected by killer beetles and every acre evaporate around 4,000 tons of water:
In year of 2012 in air above North America was less water vapor than in 2003 at least 400,000,000,000 tons than in 2003. This calculation do not include 74.45 million acres of forests burned only in USA from 2001 and 2011; and 9,221,639 during 2012..
LESS EVAPORATION means less humidity in air, less probabilities of rain-real cooling mechanism in nature. Less rains make all continent hotter (drought of 2010, 2011, 2012). Hot continent heat air above North America, winds transmit energy of hot air to Atlantic, and heat surface of ocean-EXACTLY A reason for power of hurricanes.


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